对于厚度70mm〜140mm焊缝超声检测的讨论

超声检测作为一种面积型缺陷的有效检测方法,被广泛应用在气化炉、除氧器、汽包等的焊缝检测上。随着近年来电厂、化工厂对质量的要求提升,确保焊缝质量就成了生产制造厂的重点。对于这些重型容器,焊缝厚度普遍在70mm~140mm,在这个厚度区间,采取的多道焊接,工艺控制不严很容易产生缺陷。无损检测标准的制定只是简单的对此厚度划分两个区间,并未给出划定此区间的依据。本文通过实际检测气化炉、除氧器、汽包等焊缝来讨论超声检测在厚度70mm?140mm区间的划定依据。     

电老化后聚丙烯层压纸的绝缘性能变化及局部放电特性

高温超导电缆所用的聚丙烯层压纸(PPLP)为绕包式结构,由于整流器件的存在使其承受交直流复合电压,在对接间隙处易发生局部放电.在长期工作电压下,其绝缘性能会发生变化,同时会对局部放电产生影响.本文在液氮环境下对PPLP进行直流电老化实验,采用内部放电模型来模拟对接间隙,并结合仿真计算分析内部放电模型的电场分布,对电老化机理和局部放电结果进行讨论分析.结果表明:电老化后PPLP的电导率和相对介电常数随老化时间的增加整体呈增大趋势,其直流电气强度随电老化时间的增加逐渐下降,但仍保持良好的绝缘性能.局部放电的剧烈程度随PPLP电老化时间的增加有所增大,局部放电发生的相位主要集中在复合电压的上升阶段,且复合电压中的交直流比例是影响局部放电的主要因素.     

Pore-scale study of effects of different Pt loading reduction schemes on reactive transport processes in catalyst layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Reducing the Platinum (Pt) loading while maintaining the performance is highly desired for promoting the commercial use of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Different methods have been adopted to fabricate catalyst layers (CLs) with low Pt loading, including utilizing lower Pt/C catalysts (MA), mixing high Pt/C catalysts with bare carbon black particles (MB), and reducing CL thickness while maintaining high Pt/C ratio (MC). In this study, self-developed pore-scale model is adopted to investigate the performance of the three Pt reduction methods. It is found that MA shows the best performance while MB shows the worst. Then, effects of Pt dispersion are further explored. The results show that denser Pt sites will result in higher local oxygen flux and thus higher local transport resistance. Therefore, MA method, which shows the better Pt dispersion, leads to improved performance. Third, CLs with quasi-realistic structures are investigated. Higher tortuosity resulting from the random pores produces higher bulk resistance along the thickness direction, while MA still exhibits the best performance. Finally, improved CL structures are investigated by designing perforated CL structures. It is found that adding perforations can significantly reduce the bulk transport resistance and can improve the CL performance. It is demonstrated that CL structure plays important roles on performance, and there are still huge potentials to further improve CL performance by increasing Pt dispersion and optimizing CL structures.     

Parameter identification of proton exchange membrane fuel cell via Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm

It is essential to develop an accurate model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for a reliable operation and analysis, in which unknown parameters usually need to be determined. The inherent nonlinear, strong coupling, and diversification of PEMFC model seriously hinder traditional methods to identify the parameters. For the sake of overcoming these thorny obstacles, Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation (LMBP) algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed for PEMFC parameter identification. Furthermore, the performance of LMBP is thoroughly evaluated and compared with four typical meta-heuristic algorithms under three cases. Simulation results indicate that LMBP performs a higher accuracy and faster speed for parameter identification. In particular, accuracy and convergence speed can achieve as much as 99.8% and 95.9% growth via LMBP, respectively.     

面向在轨服务的舱段间机电连接接口研究

针对在轨服务任务中的在轨舱段对接与更换任务,介绍了采用模块化设计理念的一种合作卫星舱段间新型机电连接接口方案设计,用Adams软件对接口容差进行动力学仿真分析.结果表明:该新型机电连接接口具有一定捕获及容差能力,能够达到位置容差±50 mm、角度容差±7°的容差范围,满足了容差指标要求.     

办公建筑LED照明空间的光环境提升需求研究

随着LED照明及其调光调色功能的普及,提高办公人员对室内不同光环境空间的主观体验已成为可能.本文对北京、上海现有办公建筑的办公室、会议室、走廊等光环境空间进行实测,结合对室内人员的主观调研,提出一种面向办公建筑LED照明环境质量提升的客观指标识别方法.在满足现有标准的样本中,以办公室为例,通过主客观数据分析发现,工作面照度和空间亮度更受办公人员关注,空间亮度系数、垂直照度和生理等效照度已成为现有标准外的重要评价指标,体现其等级提升的阈值应分别定为10 lx、150 lx和300 lx.办公建筑中不同光环境场景存在需求差异,均可通过此方法识别归因客观指标及其阈值.研究同时发现,针对主观感受,指标间存在二元耦合关系,其结论进一步丰富光环境评价指标维度并对LED照明的个性化应用提供指导意义.     

燃煤电厂烟气三氧化硫控制技术试验研究

烟气中三氧化硫影响电厂设备安全运行,并带来环境污染.设计了脱除烟气中三氧化硫试验装置,研制了关键设备,通过小型试验选择三氧化硫吸收剂,并研究了吸收剂浓度、颗粒度与脱除率的关系.     

管桁架焊缝质量检测机器人结构与越障稳定性研究

管桁架焊缝质量检测机器人是一种在高空管桁架上采集焊缝信息,并对焊缝质量进行适时检测的机器人,它的越障稳定性是其安全可靠工作的关键.设计了一款能在管桁架上行走、越障,且适应管径变化的机器人系统;分别对沿竖直钢管爬升、周向旋转和越障状态下的驱动轮进行受力分析,初选了关键动作驱动电机参数;利用ADAMS平台进行翻转机构的运动学仿真,发现翻转角速度可影响机器人的工作效率和稳定性,以工作损失效能最小为目标优化翻转角速度,通过数据拟合和多次迭代求得最优翻转角速度;开展了样机稳定性试验,以测量不同翻转角速度下机器人的滑移量.分析和试验结果表明:翻转角速度为0.445 rad/s时,工作损失效能最小,且越障稳定性好;翻转角速度达0.785 rad/s时,出现滑落现象;样机稳定性试验与运动学仿真结果一致.